Crusades :: essays research papers

While the objective of the Christian Crusades was just effective once, it despite everything achieved numerous adjustments in the time including a conclusion to feudalism, progression in fighting, and development of exchange. The Seljuq Turks started to take over â€Å"the Holy Land† in Palestine and this irritated Pope Urban II. He was anxious to recover the Holy Land and in this way started the First Crusade. The French and Italian rulers drove armed forces through Palestine to their primary objective Jerusalem. They were overwhelming protective layer and fleece while walking through the desert and as a result of this some kicked the bucket of warmth depletion. In spite of this issue, they arrived at Jerusalem and after numerous awful fights the city was caught. Presently the greater part of the Holy Land was under European control. The Europeans carried a significant number of their traditions with them including feudalism.      The Turks gradually started to recover control of the Holy Land. They joined together and started to reclaim urban communities that were caught therefore the Second Crusade started. Ruler Louis VII and Conrad III drove armed forces to Damascus however they neglected to recover the city and the Turks despite everything held force. In 1187 Saladin, a Muslim chief, dealt with Jerusalem. Frederick Barbarossa, King Philip II, and King Richard I drove armed forces to reclaim the Holy Land in the Third Crusade. In transit there Barbarossa suffocated so his military turned around. Philip and Richard got into a battle and Philip returned to France to reclaim land from the English. Richard went on to the Holy Land however neglected to recover it. He made a détente with Saladin which permitted Christians to enter the Holy land and control of certain towns.      There was one final exertion to take the Holy Land back by Pope Innocent III who set up French knights in the Fourth Crusade. The knights left on ships gave by Venice and were approached to assault Zadar, an opponent exchanging city to Venice. Since Zadar was a Christian city the knights who assaulted and plundered it were banished. The knights proceeded to assault and plunder another Christian city Constantinople. The Crusades prompted changes in the medieval times.

Benchmarking Sustainability Practices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Benchmarking Sustainability Practices - Essay Example Benchmarking manageability rehearses is a significant zone for all organizations to concentrate on firmly. Manageability issues keep up the degree of progress and gainfulness for the association and permit them to receive further benefits and advantages from the business that they are directing. The utilization of benchmarking practices can be fruitful for all association in inferring those strategic policies that can determine the ideal degree of victories. The monetary advantages, the natural advantages and the development of the travel industry business can permit it to quantify its prosperity with the supportability benchmarking practice. The travel industry business is an extremely flexible business and to keep up its prosperity level its supportability components should be worked upon intently and ensured that the best benchmarking rehearses are executed. Different organizations in which manageability benchmarking practices can be utilized are the pharmaceutical parts. The pharmaceutical business should be continually making practical enhancements and keep up their degree of items. Manageable benchmarking rehearses are critical to rehearse in the pharmaceutical business. The lodging division business can likewise utilize the maintainability benchmarking rehearses for making their business effective and beneficial in the business. The lodging area might be confronted with consistent change in requests from the clients and along these lines they have to keep up their degree of value and cost. Maintainability benchmarking practices can be utilized generally in the lodging segment business.

Family Business Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Privately-owned company - Research Proposal Example Be that as it may, it is typical for administration issues to emerge in a privately-run company from time to time in light of the fact that a privately-run company, similar to all other non-privately-run companies, include pretty much similar issues like characters, interests, power, cutoff times, assets, administrators and subordinates. Clashes can be kept away from and settled if emerge on account of good administration techniques that administer the business as well as the family that maintains that business. Numerous enormous and medium estimated privately-owned companies are running in the Middle East today that contribute an extraordinary level of GDP to the district. Be that as it may, most organizations endure just until the third era and not many give to the fourth era on account of generational clashes and contrast of feelings and points of view between the older folks and the adolescents of the coming ages. Speculation: Governance issues carry terrible notoriety to the ass ociation and are the fundamental driver of separating or disappointment of a business that was running easily and gaining huge benefits before the debate.

How Do Stereotypes Impact On Teenagers - Free Essay Example

Introduction Today’s youth have been told ever since they were very young that teenagers are violent, rude, and compulsive. Young children are still very reliant on adults which creates a deep trust to form between them and a need to conform to those adults’ view of the world. Therefore, when they are exposed to negative teenage stereotypes by adults around them or the media, they can easily accept it as a fact. Thus, when those children become teenagers, they are more likely to feel the need to conform to the stereotypes. Teens can be very strong, powerful activists and problem solvers. However, constantly putting them down for not having anything worthwhile to say is a loss to society. These stereotypes did not rest well with many teenagers throughout the country. â€Å"One youth from Montreal, aged 15, sums up the feelings of many teens: ‘Today’s youths are intelligent but some adults don’t seem to think so. We are people too. Youths are discriminated against and that’s not right. To get through to young people, you have to listen to them, trust them, and respect them. The way I look and the music I listen to does not make me a â€Å"bad† person. I am my own person.’ (E., 2011).† Through this, she implies that she had been looked down upon by others due to the way she presents herself and her physical appearance. This is an example of a situation where assumptions are being made before even getting to know anything about her. In addition, the mere fact that this girl decided to speak up against a flaw in our society in an effort to spread awareness about this topic displays a higher maturity than what she claims is expected of her. Thus, this girl, along with many, many more, is an example of a mature individual who commands respect. However, these negative stereotypes cause them to feel bad about who they are as people which is unacceptable. Many teens try to break these stereotypes by being very conscience of where they go and what they do in public. According to Shanyang Zhao, a professor of sociology at Temple University, â€Å"Through both verbal and nonverbal behaviors, others convey to us, either purposefully or unwittingly, their appraisals of our self-presentations, which in turn shape how we view ourselves (Zhao, 2005).† This illustrates how people express how they feel about someone through nonverbal, and thus socially acceptable manners. This causes teens to become more conscious of what they do in public and how their actions may be perceived. For example, they won’t look at their phone in public or steer clear of typical teenage hangout spots. They have no choice but to put all that effort in in order to be given the same respect as any adult receives automatically. Teenagers who suffer from being stereotyped based on their race and age, remain affected negatively today both socially and health wise. Racial Stereotyping One form of stereotyping that affects teens is stereotyping based on their race. Each race comes with its own set of different stereotypes. For example, some of these stereotypes include not being intellectual or hardworking. This is extremely difficult for people to experience because it is making them feel bad about something they can not change and have no control over. Ones race is part of their identity; who they are or who they choose to be, meaning, other people’s perception of one’s race is their perception of an aspect of who that specific individual is. This can stay with someone for their whole life because it will cause them to devalue themselves if they buy into the stereotype. Therefore, expressing one’s negative perception of who someone is, not only is insulting the person, but also making them feel bad about their own identity. According to Corey Columb, a professor in the psychology department at Prairie View AM University, states, â€Å"Across two studies we examined whether exposure to Obama, a positive and counter-stereotypic exemplar, reduced implicit anti-Black evaluative bias and racial stereotyping. Additionally, we evaluated whether reactions to exposure to Obama were moderated by people’s explicit feelings about Obama or their perceptions of his stereotypicality. In Study 2, we extended our scope to evaluate whether a positive but stereotypic Black exemplar, Kobe Bryant, had similar effects as Obama on implicit responses. We found that exposure to either Bryant or Obama, following exposure to negative Black exemplars, caused a reduction in implicit anti-Black evaluative bias and racial stereotyping, relative to a control condition.† Through these findings, one can assume that stereotypes are made based on the type of information a person is presented with about a certain group of peo ple. In addition, we can assume that people start to destroy these negative stereotypes about different races when they receive information and learn more from interracial influencers who shed light on the positive aspects of a certain racial group. Social Lense Negative stereotyping occurs when people who do not have experiences with or are not exposed to a certain group of people in their daily lives are shown that group of people in a negative light; usually through means of media. Through that, assumptions are formed, not necessarily based on fact but on media portrayals. The stimulus material, Attitude Towards Muslim Women in the West offers one example of how people are affected by stereotyping and prejudice. This particular passage discusses how the western world viewed muslim women based on media portrayals and the actions of a radical minority. This can be compared to the stereotyping of teenagers, although teens would likely be more dramatically affected. This is because of the emotional and psychological changes they experience at that age. It leads to a stage of insecurity and constant self awareness, making them more reliant on others’ approval as validation. Much like what Corey Columb previously discussed, the journal o f social cognition states, â€Å"African Americans’ self-concept is susceptible to pervasive cultural stereotypes. However, exposure to in-group exemplars such as Barack Obama as a prominent, admired African American may be accessible enough to attenuate the detrimental effects of stereotypes. In two experiments, African-American adolescent and adult†¦ participants were provided with information about outstanding successes and societal contributions of Obama as a single in-group exemplar or multiple in-group exemplars Then, participants reported the extent to which they associated their self-concept with stereotypes. The Pilot Experiment supported an ‘Obama effect’—African-American adolescents exhibited less self-stereotyping after exposure to Obama, when compared to those in a control condition. The Main Experiment demonstrated that exposure to Obama or multiple exemplars yielded less self-stereotyping, but only among strongly identified African Americans. Implications for the importance of role models in combating the effect of stigma on the self-concept are discussed (Rivera, 2016).† This demonstrates how teenagers stereotype themselves less often when they have a role model who challenges stereotypes that they suffer from. This can give teenagers more confidence which can help them overcome social anxiety and overall have a better, more positive outlook on life. This could help them succeed in their daily lives simply because they believe they can. Mental Health Mental health has been known to affects one’s physical and emotional wellbeing. When someone believes something to be true, they will change to accommodate it. This process may not necessarily be an intentional transition but it occurs subconsciously nonetheless. This is what happens when teens begin to believe the stereotypes being imposed on them. This leads to a lower self esteem and can lead to the development of things like anxiety, depression, and eating disorders. These have become very prominent in our present day society. According to Mental Health America (MHA), 13.2 percent of the United States population identifies as black or african american and 16 percent of that group of people has been diagnosed with a mental illness in the past year alone. From this statistic, one can clearly see that mental health is a very prominent issue. Having that many people being affected within a specific race can lead to the assumption that that common factor is more than just a coi ncidence. According to Erin M. Rodriguez, a psychologist, â€Å"Externalizing problems during adolescence interfere with positive development and increase risk for other mental health problems, such as depression Strong interpersonal skills and positive parenting reduce risk for depression†¦ and strong interpersonal skills may be especially protective in the context of high levels of externalizing problems by counteracting other risks conferred by externalizing problems (Rodriguez, 2015).† Much like what Zhao stated, Rodriguez discusses how outside influences can have an effect on teens and specifically how their mental health can be negatively affected. On the other hand, positive outside influences such as the ones Rodriguez mentions, can make teens less prone to depression. These positive influences do not necessarily have to be about the fact that they are teens but can be associated with any aspect of their identity. Teens can experience a boost in self esteem and ultimately i mprove their mental health and lead better, more positive lives. Conclusion One solution to this issue is to create a supportive environment with one’s peers. Gathering a group of friends or classmates that one is comfortable with is very important. These people would be about the same age, and therefore, going through similar problems they can relate to each other on. This creates a form of support group where teenagers can find comfort and acceptance in their personal lives. However, a limitation to this is that not all people would be as supportive as others. An implication to this solution is that the group of teenagers’ frustration with being stereotyped can mold their ‘support’ group into a group where resentment lingers towards those who stereotyped them. Another solution is to promote self empowerment movements on social media. This would be very effective because social media is a platform where positive thinking and reassurance can thrive. It is also very convenient due to the constantly developing technology that has made it possible to access social media almost anywhere. Through self empowerment movements, teens can find people outside their personal circle who are experiencing similar things and support each other. Having someone you do not know on your side can be very endearing to many people. This is because having an unbiased source tell them that it is not their fault can be much more relieving than someone they know and can not necessarily tell if they are just trying to make them feel better. A limitation to this solution is that promotions would cost money. An implication to this solution is that an excess of self pride my reach a point where it is perceived as arrogance. This can lead to the opposite extreme where they may bring others down; beginning the cycle all over again. Thus, teenagers are facing ageist and racial stereotyping that is negatively affecting their mental health and social abilities.

Media Effect On Public Opinion Essay - 1527 Words

Media has been able to control and influence opinions of the public through news stories within the last 80 years through the development of framing. Framing is when a story or piece of news is portrayed in a certain way that is meant to control the audience’s opinion and attitude, to agree one way or the other that the media wants them to. The technique of framing can be seen as a controlling technique of journalism writing to sway or trick the audience to base their own opinion on what is being presented. The purpose of framing is a method so that public opinion cannot chose to go against what the story is intending the audience to agree with. Journalists argue the point that framing is an important tool that helps reduce certain stories to be complex for the audience to follow and understand, whilst the story is only given a certain amount of time, given the amount of words presented or the amount of airtime to explain the story (Gans, 1979). This media effect can influence public opinion in a psychological way, in which a decision can be made within the news story, given the various options of opinions to evaluate their own judgment(Plous, 1993). In a Sociological approach, individuals cannot understand the world fully without the accessibility to media and news of the world, without it they struggle to make sense to opinionate on the world around them (Goffman, 1974). Through the invention of framing media has been able to control and influence public opinion on variousShow MoreRelatedMedia Bias And The Media1531 Words   |  7 Pageswho perceive media bias will factor in the news source when they attempt to formulate opinions of ideological bias in the news content. This idea is called the hostile media phenomenon or hostile media effect. In a groundbreaking study in 1985, researchers, Vallone, Ross, and Lepper, postulated that when there is a controversial issue, a partisan is more likely to perceive bias against their viewpoint, even if the info rmation is coming from an objective news source. The causes effects of the hostileRead MoreThe Agenda Setting Model Can Guide The Public Opinion And Mass Communication1464 Words   |  6 Pagessetting. The agenda setting model can guide the public opinion and mass communication about some social or political issues. Different with media effects model, the media effects more like to telling people how to think, however, the agenda setting model is successful in telling people what to think about. In a general way, agenda setting theory was constructed in the environment of traditional mass media, and the purpose is to study traditional mass media. About the visual agenda setting, the particularRead MoreGratification Theory Mass Media1585 Words   |  7 PagesTheories in mass media play an important role in society which provides a lens to observer communication in a medium. There is a multitude of media theories, but I will explore those of Elizabeth Noelle-Newman and how people use media for their need and gratification. The spiral of silence theory and the uses and gratification theory both give convincing and detailed explanations that link the media and the audience. There is a likeness in both but there are also many difference between the two.Read MoreHow Far Do The Media Influence Your Own Sense Of Personal Identity And Self Definition?1306 Words   |  6 PagesHow far do the media influence our opinions and contribute to our own sense of personal identity and self-definition? Introduction Everyday our minds get filled with new information, images and sounds. Enormous amounts of information streams give us certain idea of the world we live in. Of course media consumption is personal and sometimes very selective for each individual. Even though we cannot build a wall between us and information that is spreading all over the world. What is really interestingRead MorePolice Enforcement Agencies Work Under Extreme Pressure And Stress From The Media1578 Words   |  7 PagesWith all the negative media attention police departments and law enforcement agencies are receiving, it is not surprising factor that the police would be less inclined to work with the community to fight crime. It seems as if the citizens are against the police and that is only going to cause more issues and problems. Police have to live in constant fear that they are being criticized and their every move is being analyzed for wrong-doing. They have to second-guess every movement and action theyRead Mo reThe Agenda Setting Theory On The Public Agenda1076 Words   |  5 Pagesintroduced in a 1972 edition of Public Opinion Quarterly by Drs. Maxwell McCombs and Donald Shaw. It was first developed as a means of studying the 1968 American presidential election as it relates to the most important issues determined by the news media and the most important issues determined by the 100 residents of Chapel Hill, North Carolina (McCombs Shaw, 1972). Still relevant today, the agenda setting theory explains the influence of the media agenda on the public agenda. In a comprehensive analysisRead MoreEffect And Relationship Between Agenda Setting And News Framing Essay1301 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract This study examined the effects and relationship between agenda setting and news framing having significate weight within newspaper articles on portraying Australian political issues. The media content analysis is based on findings from news articles within the Courier Mail over a period of four weeks using journalistic, communication and theoretical explanations. The main question is the effects and relationship between agenda setting and news framing within newspaper articles. The studyRead MoreThe Power Of Television Images : The First Kennedy Nixon Debate Revised989 Words   |  4 PagesMedia Effects Media is not a novel presence, but its influences are ever evolving and increasing exponentially. Whether through print or television each type of media is vitally important for a politician. Politicians must focus on the message that is to be conveyed and be aware of the influence each media type has. Print ads, radio shows, television interviews, magazine articles and debates all have a degree of effectiveness on a voting demographic. Mastering the media effects on the people thatRead More The Impact of My Favorite Form of Media in Mass Communication1545 Words   |  7 Pagesmusic to books and the radio and many more media outlets. There are affirmative and adverse impacts that we all receive from the media. As for myself there is many constructive forms of media I indulge in. My most preferred form of media overall is the Food Networks American reality TV show series called Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives. I always had an adoration and aspiration for art and I consider food to be ar t. This television series has a huge effect on my daily life in a progressive, yet constructiveRead MoreHuman Resource Training For The Media Sector1679 Words   |  7 PagesMass media is a very important role in the development of today s society. It impacts on the social consciousness to establish and consolidate a system of political thought leaders for society; associate members of society into a unity, a whole on the basis of the stance, political attitudes generally. Mass media also perform monitoring functions, and social management, monitoring, detection, promptly report the problems, new conflicts arise, contributes political stability to society. Such an important

Essay on The Messiah - 1011 Words

The Messiah Handel’s classic piece, The Messiah is undoubtedly the best selection as our classes choice for the time capsule. It has all the workings of a true musical masterpiece and a beautiful message that all should know. Our song should be chosen as a piece that has lived, will live on, and does justice to music. That is The Messiah. Many of you (including myself) didn’t quite realize who Handel was, let alone know his oratorio The Messiah. Once Joel began to play it in class, the common phrase shifted from, What?, to, Oh, the hallelujah song. It is a piece that nearly anyone, of any generation, knows at least by its famous chorus, Hallelujah. That is a lot to say for one song. How many of your parents actually know†¦show more content†¦From the first aria for tenor, Every valley shall be exalted, to the thunderous final Amen chorus, with the angels trumpeting the glory of God. Messiah is plentiful in melody, extensive in the range of emotions portrayed and very accessible even to the listener uninitiated in classical or choral/vocal music. (Wilson) What Handel created in The Messiah is a piece with the variety of graceful melody and breathtaking vocals(Del Rio). Now all this concert talk may not make a lot of since to those of you who aren’t too familiar with the makings of music. To put your mind at ease, other more familiar composers such as Mozart, Bach, and Beethoven have praised and studied this accomplished work extensively. Many contemporay bands more familiar to us also acclaim this work. Eddie vedder of Pearl Jam called it a dynamic classical piece and noted it as an inspiration to music in general (Mulchevy). Beethoven even went so far as to make the statement, Handel is the greatest composer that ever lived. I would uncover my head and kneel down at his tomb!(Alexander). This points out somewhat of his splendor, but to prove the greatness of The Messiah I call on a story that holds as a custom to this day. During its first performance in front of the then reigning King George II, His Majesty was so stirred by the power of the chorus that he stood up in awe. TheShow MoreRelatedA Great Leader - The Messiah5208 Words   |   21 PagesLivingston A Great Leader – The Messiah Bachelor of Theology – Undergraduate Independent Research 24 June 2015 This research is presented to International Theological Seminary for Lesa A. Livingston to meet the requirement for Undergrad., Ind., Research. Word count 5198 Lesa A. Livingston International Theological Seminary Undergraduate Independent Research 24 June 2015 A Great Leader – The Messiah Old Testament texts that point to the coming of the Messiah are traditionally interpreted fromRead MoreThe Was The Messiah A Little Differently Than Jesus1320 Words   |  6 Pagespictured the Messiah a little differently than Jesus. Some Jews could have missed Jesus if you had picture painted of what you thought the Messiah would be like, you might end up passing them by. the Jews had already made up their minds of who the Messiah was going to be, therefore, they missed who He actually was, along with the message that He brought. Now knowing this, it s easier to understand the reasoning behind why the Jews may have denied Jesus as the Messiah. The Messiah the jew wereRead More The Jewish Messiah 818 Words   |  4 Pages Jesus Christ or the professed Jewish Messiah was tried for terrible blasphemy. It was a great catastrophe. Had Jesus given a fair trial then His claim for divine Messiahship would have been established. Unfortunately the laws were bent and the eyes were closed and thus a fair judgment was prevented. There is no doubt that this was the most terrible miscarriage of justice ever experienced by the mankind. In open court it was admitted by Jesus Christ that He was God in human flesh. What ever wouldRead MoreThe Revelation Of The Messiah1763 Words   |  8 Pagesperspective of the Messiah in the work of Luke-Acts, it is necessary to understand what it meant to be a messiah. The Hebrew word messiah literally translate to â€Å"anointed one†, and the messiah is burdened with the responsibility of salvation or saving of a particular group of people. In the Jewish scripture, messiahs were usually kings or high priests and they were anointed, traditionally with oil (erhman 355). Although this concept of the messiah is different from one of a divine messiah such as JesusRead MoreIs The Messiah Announced?1410 Words   |  6 Pagesdispute and conversation among interpreters and scholars on whether or not it is a key predictive messianic text . This passage has been cited in the New Testament by Jesus, and refers to undefined messengers of YHWH. Through the article â€Å" Is the Messiah Announced in Malachi 3:1?†, Malone breaks down the text by clarifying the characters and evaluating the titles used to identify the messianic connection. Malone first identifies two different analyses of the verse. First he looks at the verse throughRead MoreMessiah of Masses1942 Words   |  8 PagesIn the book Messiah of the Masses: Huey P. Long and the Great Depression, it describes and outlines the life of Huey Pierce Long. In chapter one, the author (Glen Jeansonne) begins to talk about Longs childhood days. Long was born on August 30, 1893 in Winnfield, Louisiana. Winnfield was a part of Winn Parish in the northeastern section on Louisiana. He was one of ten children born to his parents, Hugh and Caledonia (Callie) Long. Hugh Long was a man of great intelligence and charm. The familyRead MoreThe Life of Jesus Christ524 Words   |  2 Pagesnumerous things to people: the Son of God, Savior, the Messiah, etc. But many might still not know what happened during Jesus’s life. There are numerous stories in the Bible. His story starts in the New Testament, though the prophecies about Him are in the Old Testament. Throug h the Bible, people have been able to decipher the Messianic prophecies, Jesus’s death and resurrection, and Jesus’s return. The Messianic Prophecies are prophecies about the Messiah. He will end the dark times, and bring joy (IsaiahRead MoreThe Four Gospels2124 Words   |  9 Pageslonger making trouble. Matthew records Jesus the King saying to His disciples I will build My church and the gates of Hades shall not prevail against it (Matthew 16:18); later, having ascertained that the Messiah is a Son, the Son of David, Jesus shows that even king David calls the Messiah Lord (Psalm 110:1 and Matthew 22:41-45). Jesus is therefore the King of kings. Privately, Jesus warns the disciples three times that not everything will happen the way they expect: the Son of Man will beRead MoreThe Messiah Of God1772 Words   |  8 Pages Christology is a synthesized word that is made up of the following: Christos and Logos, which translates into, Christ and Talk or talking; for example, talking about Christ. Christology is a continuous dissertation on Jesus as the Messiah of God. However there is an operational and functional aspect and it would include faith, discipline, and worship; Christology is methodical contemplation on the mystery of the person of Jesus Christ as views in the divine plan of redemption to humankind. ThereforeRead MoreThe Creation Of The Messiah2190 Words   |  9 Pagesneither the Messiah that Judaism hopes to receive, nor is He the Messiah, who is understood as the Savior by Christians. The Messiah of Islam does not have the eschatological significance as that of Judaism and of Christianity. 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Are Human Rights Universal Essay Example For Students

Are Human Rights Universal? Essay The notion that human rights are universal stems from the philosophical view that human rights are inextricably linked to the preservation of human dignity. This means that respect for individual dignity is due equally to one and all, regardless of circumstance. In this way, human rights must apply universally. This is clearly the thrust behind the worlds main human rights instruments in operation today. The earliest human rights Charter of the modern era the French Declaration on the Rights of Man and of Citizen 1789 refers to the natural and inalienable rights of man and that men are born free and equal in rights. (Note the term man is used in the sense of all human beings or mankind.) The same sentiment was expressed almost 160 years later in the Preamble to the Universal Declaration on Human Rights which refers to: the inherent dignity and the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world. The human rights contained in both of these instruments, and the many others that share their aspirations, are considered essential to the respect of every human beings dignity. this single page of print, which outweighs libraries, and is stronger than all the armies of Napoleon. Lord Acton (British Law Lord), on the French Declaration on the Rights of Man (1789) What does universality mean? The universality of human rights is a concept. This concept holds that human rights belong to all human beings and are fundamental to every type of society. In this way, everyone has the same basic human rights. Individuals may exercise different rights, or exercise the same rights differently, depending on which group they belong to within society. Different groups include women, children, or those of a certain race, ethnicity or religion. Even if the form or content of human rights changes over time, the concept of their universality remains true. The central tenet of the notion of universality is that human rights are themselves the right of all human beings. The most important rights of all, in other words, are everyones right to human rights! Some argue that the concept of universality is culturally constructed. Human rights are viewed as representing the particular belief systems of some cultures and societies rather than those of all cultures and societies. This is the so-called cultural relativist argument, the very rationale of which is to deny claims of universality. Accordingly, in their modern form, human rights are considered a Western construct of limited application to non-Western nations. This is the so-called West versus the Rest debate. Some Asian political leaders have adopted this cultural relativist argument, for example, Dr Mahathir Mohamad, the Prime Minister of Malaysia, and the former Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew. However, others have counter-argued that Asian values and the universality of human rights are complementary, for example, President Kim Dae Jung of South Korea, Anwar Ibrahim, the former Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia, and President Habibie of Indonesia. In addition, the recently drafted Asian Charter on Human Rights (1998) forcefully reiterates the universality of human rights. If we in Asia wish to speak credibly of Asian values, we too must be prepared to champion those ideals that are universal and belong to humanity as a whole. It is altogether shameful, if ingenious, to cite Asian values as an excuse for autocratic practices and denial of basic rights and civil liberties. To say that our freedom is Western or UnAsian is to offend our traditions as well as our forefathers who gave their lives in the struggle against tyranny and injustices. Anwar Ibrahim, Former Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia .ue745ec921376e02a7ab9cd2b32846812 , .ue745ec921376e02a7ab9cd2b32846812 .postImageUrl , .ue745ec921376e02a7ab9cd2b32846812 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue745ec921376e02a7ab9cd2b32846812 , .ue745ec921376e02a7ab9cd2b32846812:hover , .ue745ec921376e02a7ab9cd2b32846812:visited , .ue745ec921376e02a7ab9cd2b32846812:active { border:0!important; } .ue745ec921376e02a7ab9cd2b32846812 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue745ec921376e02a7ab9cd2b32846812 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue745ec921376e02a7ab9cd2b32846812:active , .ue745ec921376e02a7ab9cd2b32846812:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue745ec921376e02a7ab9cd2b32846812 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue745ec921376e02a7ab9cd2b32846812 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue745ec921376e02a7ab9cd2b32846812 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue745ec921376e02a7ab9cd2b32846812 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue745ec921376e02a7ab9cd2b32846812:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue745ec921376e02a7ab9cd2b32846812 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue745ec921376e02a7ab9cd2b32846812 .ue745ec921376e02a7ab9cd2b32846812-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue745ec921376e02a7ab9cd2b32846812:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Summary of Why a Global Language EssayOne of the reasons why this diversion of opinion exists within Asia is that supporters of the cultural relativist argument believe the notion of universality to be promising more than it can deliver. Universalists disagree, pointing out that in fact the notion has definite limits. The universality of human rights does not mean that the rights of every human being are the same for everyone, all of the time and in every circumstance. In fact, this would be impossible to achieve. Individual human rights do not exist in isolation of each other. In fact, they .